N2 test Cancer Development

Ignatavicius & Workman: Medical-Surgical Nursing: Critical Thinking for Collaborative Care, 4th Edition Chapter 24: Altered Cell Growth and Cancer Development

1. Why are cancer causes so difficult to establish?
A. Malignant cells all have the same appearance.
B. Not all cancers divide more rapidly than do normal cells.
C. The pattern and location of metastases are very similar for many different types of cancer.
D. The time between initiation and the development of a recognizable cancer can be many years.

2. Which characteristic separates malignant tumors from benign tumors?
A. Benign tumors are composed of normal cells.
B. Only malignant cells are killed with chemotherapy.
C. Malignant cells have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio.
D. Benign tumors grow more slowly than do malignant tumors.

3. What is the most common known risk factor for lung cancer development?
A. Cigarette smoking
B. Pre-existing emphysema
C. Excessive chest X-rays
D. Genetic deficiency of mucus-secreting glands

4. For which cancer type is primary prevention possible and feasible?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Breast cancer
C. Skin cancer
D. Liver cancer

5. By which process does “promotion” assist in cancer development?
A. Stimulating or enhancing cell division of cells damaged by a carcinogen
B. Inflicting mutations at specific sites on the exposed cell’s DNA
C. Increasing the transformed cell’s capacity for error-free DNA repair
D. Making cancer cells appear more normal in order to escape immunosurveillance

6. The staging of the client’s cancer by the TNM classification is T2, N1, M0. What is your interpretation of this classification? The client has:
A. two tumors that are nonresponsive to treatment.
B. leukemia confined to the bone marrow.
C. a 2 cm tumor with one regional lymph node involved and no distant metastasis.
D. one primary tumor, one secondary tumor, lymph node extension at the primary, and no metastasis of the secondary tumor.

7. Which pathologic description of a tumor would you interpret as a “less malignant” or “low grade” cancer?
A. Poorly differentiated; mitotic index = 20%
B. Moderately differentiated; mitotic index = 50%
C. Undifferentiated; mitotic index = 50%
D. Highly differentiated; mitotic index = 10%

8. Which statement best describes the role of oncogenes in cancer development?
A. The presence of oncogenes increases the risk for gene damage by carcinogens.
B. Activation of oncogenes changes the activity and function of a cell, making it malignant.
C. Oncogenes reduce immune function, increasing the risk for cancer development and immune deficiency.
D. Oncogenes control the expression of suppressor genes, reducing the risk for cancer development.

9. What is/are the most common site(s) of metastasis?
A. Lung, bone, and liver
B. Kidney and thymus gland
C. Stomach and bladder
D. Prostate gland

10. Which statement accurately reflects the role of the immune system in cancer development?
A. Malignant transformation cannot occur in lymphocytes.
B. Malignancies are more common among people who are immunosuppressed.
C. The high white blood cell count found in people with leukemia protects them from infection.
D. The development of autoantibodies predisposes the individual to cancer development.

11. Which cancer arises from connective tissue?
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Neuroblastoma
C. Condrosarcoma
D. Meningioblastoma

12. Which statement regarding genetic predisposition for cancer is true?
A. Men can only inherit a genetic predisposition for cancer from their fathers.
B. The cancer type with the most clear genetic link for predisposition is lung cancer.
C. Cancers with a genetic predisposition generally develop at an earlier age than do sporadic cancers.
D. A person who has a genetic predisposition to develop a specific type of cancer can do nothing to reduce his or her risk.

13. Which health behavior or activity can reduce the risk for cancer development?
A. Jogging three miles per day.
B. Having a mammogram yearly after age 50.
C. Eliminating all dairy products from the diet.
D. Surgically removing a mole from the shoulder.