N-4 Test - Cardiovsscular and Renal Disease

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1.
The most reliable measure of kidney function is now considered to be
a. urine osmolality.
b. creatinine clearance.
c. blood urea nitrogen.
d. glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

2.
According to the National Kidney Foundation’s clinical practice guidelines, a criterion for chronic kidney disease is
a. kidney damage present for at least 2 months.
b. GFR levels below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or longer.
c. abnormal urine sediment for at least 2 months.
d. renal abnormalities evident on imaging studies.

3.
A severely decreased GFR in the range of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2 indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?
a. stage 2
b. stage 3
c. stage 4
d. stage 5

4.
According to a literature review by Foley and colleagues, the most prevalent cardiovascular pathology among patients with diabetes who are beginning dialysis is
a. left ventricular hypertrophy.
b. coronary artery disease.
c. diastolic dysfunction.
d. cardiac failure.

5.
Which of the following increases one’s risk of both chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease?
a. malnutrition
b. cigarette smoking
c. elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level
d. disturbances of mineral metabolism

6.
Which of the following is a cardiovascular disease risk factor related to chronic kidney disease?
a. an extracellular fluid volume deficit
b. low levels of C-reactive protein
c. elevated homocysteine levels
d. decreased thrombogenic factors

7.
A leading cause of hypertension in people who have chronic kidney disease is
a. overactivation of the renin–angiotensin system.
b. microalbuminuria.
c. left ventricular hypertrophy.
d. uremic malnutrition.

8.
The earliest sign of kidney disease in people who have diabetes is
a. anemia.
b. uremia.
c. microalbuminuria.
d. hyperhomocysteinemia.

9.
In patients who have chronic kidney disease, anemia tends to lead to
a. diminished erythropoietin production.
b. increased systemic vascular resistance.
c. a significant drop in cardiac output.
d. an increase in cardiac preload.

10.
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet
a. is unsafe for patients who have chronic kidney disease.
b. is suitable only for patients in the early stages of chronic kidney disease.
c. reduces cardiovascular risk but speeds progression of renal failure.
d. is recommended only for patients who have both kidney disease and advanced heart disease.

11.
Which of the following types of drugs is considered first-line therapy for hypertension in patients who have chronic kidney disease?
a. vasodilators
b. diuretics
c. [beta]-blockers
d. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

12.
Before starting antihypertensive therapy, and regularly thereafter, patients with chronic kidney disease should have which electrolyte level measured?
a. potassium
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. magnesium

13.
Which medication must be discontinued in patients with a GFR less than 40 mL/min/1.73 m2 because of the increased risk of lactic acidosis?
a. glipizide (Glucotrol)
b. rosiglitazone (Avandia)
c. metformin (Glucophage)
d. pioglitazone (Actos)

14.
The first drugs recommended for lowering LDL cholesterol in patients with chronic kidney disease are the
a. fibrates.
b. statins.
c. bile acid sequestrants.
d. nicotinic acid preparations.

15.
Standard treatment for elevated intact parathyroid hormone levels is dietary supplementation with vitamin
a. A.
b. C.
c. D.
d. E.

http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp?tid=578595