N4 - test - Acute Renal Failure

http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp?tid=289404
answers in comments


1.
Which of the following are characteristics of ARF?
1. permanent kidney damage and progression to chronic renal failure
2. a sudden loss of kidney function with a buildup of toxic waste products
3. permanent loss of function of 95% of nephrons over time
4. abnormally low BUN and creatinine levels

2.
Which statement about ARF is correct?
1. It most commonly affects young adults.
2. The clinical course and survival rate vary greatly, depending on the patient's age.
3. It occurs in 25% of hospitalized patients.
4. Death typically results from overwhelming infection or cardiopulmonary problems.

3.
Which type of ARF occurs when decreased blood flow to the kidneys causes ischemia of the nephrons?
1. intrarenal
2. postrenal
3. prerenal
4. intrinsic

4.
Possible causes of postrenal ARF include
1. absorption of heavy metals.
2. prostatic hypertrophy.
3. injection of radiocontrast material.
4. cyclosporine therapy.

5.
Drugs that could cause prerenal ARF include
1. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
2. cyclosporine.
3. aminoglycosides.
4. chemotherapy agents.

6.
Which of the following could cause intrarenal ARF?
1. renal artery stenosis
2. blood loss
3. septicemia
4. cardiogenic shock

7.
What's the classic sign of ARF?
1. oliguria
2. polyuria
3. anuria
4. dysuria

8.
Which of the following correctly describes nonoliguric ARF?
1. It typically occurs with intrarenal ARF.
2. It rarely occurs with prerenal azotemia.
3. The appropriate treatment is renal replacement therapy.
4. Maintaining adequate cardiac output and BP generally halts it.

9.
Which of the following can affect serum creatinine levels?
1. protein metabolism
2. muscle mass
3. internal bleeding
4. infection

10.
Consider the possibility of ARF when lab tests indicate
1. metabolic alkalosis.
2. hypernatremia.
3. hypokalemia.
4. hypocalcemia.

11.
Which ECG changes suggest hyperkalemia?
1. tall, tented p waves
2. shortened QRS complex
3. flattened T waves
4. heart block and other arrhythmias

12.
Sensory changes and extremity weakness in a patient with ARF signal
1. pulmonary edema.
2. anemia.
3. uremic neuropathy.
4. colitis.

13.
What's an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with ARF?
1. encouraging oral fluid intake
2. limiting peripheral I.V. access to the cephalic veins
3. providing a low-protein, low-sodium diet
4. offering frequent protein supplements

14.
Which of the following occurs in the glomerulus?
1. Urine passes from the tubules of several nephrons to the renal pelvis.
2. Urine is concentrated and diluted.
3. About 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood.
4. Particles and waste products pass into a liquid filtrate.

15.
What's the starting point of the tubule where reabsorption and secretion occur?
1. peritubular capillaries
2. loop of Henle
3. Bowman's capsule
4. collecting duct

16.
Which statement about GFR is correct?
1. It increases after a renal insult.
2. It's normally 90 to 100 ml/minute.
3. Decreased BUN and creatinine levels are direct indicators that it's reduced.
4. It's the driving force behind urine production.

17.
Which of the following statements about hemodialysis is correct?
1. It's slower than continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.
2. It regulates BP.
3. It regulates renal functions linked to hormonal control.
4. It removes a substantial amount of fluid from the intravascular system.

18.
Which statement about continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration is correct?
1. The patient's BP is the driving force.
2. It frequently causes hypotension.
3. It's faster than hemodialysis.
4. It's indicated when quick removal of toxins is required.